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Molecular Plant Advance Access originally published online on September 10, 2009
Molecular Plant 2009 2(6):1359-1372; doi:10.1093/mp/ssp076
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© The Author 2009. Published by the Molecular Plant Shanghai Editorial Office in association with Oxford University Press on behalf of CSPP and IPPE, SIBS, CAS.
The online version of this article has been published under an open access model. Users are entitled to use, reproduce, disseminate, or display the open access version of this article for non-commercial purposes provided that: the original authorship is properly and fully attributed; the Journal and Oxford University Press are attributed as the original place of publication with the correct citation details given; if an article is subsequently reproduced or disseminated not in its entirety but only in part or as a derivative work this must be clearly indicated. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oupjournals.org

Targeted Gene Knockouts Reveal Overlapping Functions of the Five Physcomitrella patens FtsZ Isoforms in Chloroplast Division, Chloroplast Shaping, Cell Patterning, Plant Development, and Gravity Sensing

Anja Martina, Daniel Langa, Sebastian T. Hankea,b, Stefanie J.X. Muellera,c, Eric Sarnighausena, Marco Vervliet-Scheebauma and Ralf Reskia,b,c,1

a Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
b Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (bioss), University of Freiburg, Alberststr. 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
c Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Alberststr. 19A, 79104 Freiburg, Germany

1 To whom correspondence should be addressed at address a. E-mail Ralf.Reski{at}biologie.uni-freiburg.de, fax +49 761-203-6967, tel. +49 761-203-6969.

Chloroplasts and bacterial cells divide by binary fission. The key protein in this constriction division is FtsZ, a self-assembling GTPase similar to eukaryotic tubulin. In prokaryotes, FtsZ is almost always encoded by a single gene, whereas plants harbor several nuclear-encoded FtsZ homologs. In seed plants, these proteins group in two families and all are exclusively imported into plastids. In contrast, the basal land plant Physcomitrella patens, a moss, encodes a third FtsZ family with one member. This protein is dually targeted to the plastids and to the cytosol. Here, we report on the targeted gene disruption of all ftsZ genes in P. patens. Subsequent analysis of single and double knockout mutants revealed a complex interaction of the different FtsZ isoforms not only in plastid division, but also in chloroplast shaping, cell patterning, plant development, and gravity sensing. These results support the concept of a plastoskeleton and its functional integration into the cytoskeleton, at least in the moss P. patens.

Key Words: Bryophyte • cell wall • gravitropism • GTPase • chloroplast • plastoskeleton • P. patens • moss


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